ABSTRACT With THE expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite THE development of THE guidelines for urban regeneration projects, THEse projects in IRAN still have challenges in THE stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify THE "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in IRAN" and analyse THE research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in THE field of problems of urban regeneration projects in IRAN was carried out. THE challenges raised in THE AtlasTI software were extracted with THE help of open and axial coding. In THE following, 100 codes were determined in THE form of 10 groups or general categories. In THE end, THE obstacles to THE realization of urban regeneration projects in IRAN were given. According to THE obtained results, THE weak presence of non-governmental organizations, THE problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and THE weakness of participation are THE four most important and frequent challenges in THE research related to THE realization of urban regeneration projects in IRAN Extended Abstract Introduction THE trend of urban population growth and THE expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with THE increasing immigrant population to THE cities makes THE planners think of filling THE existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of THE city horizontal development with regard to THE urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify THE typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of THE urban fabric has prompted THE emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in THE vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in THE Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards THE participation of local residents and THE creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration THE manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in THE existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify THE "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in IRAN" based on THE review and analysis of THE research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are THE challenges and obstacles to THE manifestation of urban regeneration projects in IRAN?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to THE manifestation of urban regeneration projects in IRAN" through a meta-analysis of THE research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in MagIRAN, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using THE Boolean logic search used THE keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in IRAN’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English THEses. THE reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and THE special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. THE geographical scope of THE investigated studies covers THE historical contexts of IRAN, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing THE abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which THE research focusing on THE different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from THE research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and THE obstacles to THE manifestation of THE plans were extracted. Coding process continued until THE saturation was reached. Finally, THE 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. THEn, all THE codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in IRAN" was presented.   Results and discussion Based on THE conducted review, THE recognized problems with emphasis on THE different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in THE preparation of THE plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). THE lack of endogenous THEory and insufficient knowledge of THE environment and residents obstacle THE manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending THE use of non-governmental organizations, THE relevant law weaknesses, and THE lack of belief in THE effectiveness of it has led to disregard of THE participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in THE process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, THE government supervision on NGO’s in THE way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for THEir interplay. In terms of THE issues in THE preparation of plans, more emphasis on THE physical and economic dimensions and THE purely physical view, and THE lack of attention to THE social and cultural consequences, along with THE loss of THE community identity, are THE factors of THE failure of THE plans to achieve THE expected results. THE lack of coordination between programs and multiple decision-makers led to THE institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, THE necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in THE reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing THEm. It is also necessary to have THE participation of THE private sector and oTHEr organizations involved in THE field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of projects and development plans. In THE absence of a context-oriented approach in THE preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in IRAN with blind imitation of western models and THE existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before THE implementation of THE plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in THE different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and THE uncertainty of THE relationship between THEse plans and oTHEr urban development plans. As such in THE current inadequate conditions driving THE process of preparing plans, THE possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and THE implemented plans like many oTHEr urban development plans in IRAN, are inefficient in THE absence of THE post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on THE results, four priority challenges in THE manifestation of urban regeneration plans in IRAN include; THE weak presence of non-governmental organizations, THE problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and THE weakness of participation. "THE weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as THE first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding THE "participation of citizens" even though in THE set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, THE residents are not welcomed in practice. On THE oTHEr hand, THE lack of people's participation in THE preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, THE results of THE previous comparative comparisons have shown that THE lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of THE key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). THE problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as THE third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). THErefore, prioritizing THE challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve THEm are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of THE authors approved THE content of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.

Environment and its conservation is one of THE present issues in risky modern life. Although, THE present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of THE significant environmental issues in society of IRAN. THE Purpose of THE present study is investigation of THE reasons of littering formation by THE approach of Causal Layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. THE present study analyzed THE layers forming THE present social issue and searched THE origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. THEn, after exploiting THE contents and content analysis of interviews, THEir opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying THE present discourses, THE gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of THE society.

This paper examines in detail THE little-known Friday Mosque (masjid-i jāmi‘) of Firdaus, located southwest of THE Khurasan, which has had a key role in developing Saljuq architecture in THE area. THE original scheme of THE mosque was unclear. THE lofty īwān and two flanking dome chambers on THE west (qibla) side of THE courtyard are THE central core of THE mosque. THE main aim of THE article is to analyse THE architecture of THE mosque and demonstrate its association with THE architectural style of THE Saljuq mosque in THE Khurasan area.  During THE conservation and restoration measures in 2006, some fresh materials were unearTHEd. THE new findings shed light on THE original features of THE mosque and revealed its formation. THE paper describes THE city's history, defines its architectural characteristics, and THEn analyses THE present information for replying to THE research questions. Owing to THE outcomes of THE archaeological investigation, THE study suggests THE general scheme of THE mosque as a furTHEr example of THE two- īwān mosque, which may be dated to THE late years of THE 6th /12th century. Despite THE importance of THE mosque, no lengthy study has been published about THE building. THE accurate drawing of THE plan and sections of this monument, with THE proposal scheme for THE reconstruction of THE mosque, are being published in this paper for THE first time.

A B S T R A C TTHE morphology of each region is related to its landforms, THE morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. THE presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to THE morphology of THEse areas. THE study of THEse landforms and THE effective factors in THEir formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to THE studies, various factors play a role in THE formation of inselbergs, and THE role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with THE method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying THEm, we came to THE conclusion that THE inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among THE geological formations, THE largest and most diverse inselbergs in THE Safiabad plain are formed in THE mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is THE most widespread in this plain. But THE most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in THE formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although THE extent of THEse formations is not significant, but due to THEir significant resistance to erosion and being far from THEse processes, THEy have caused THE formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in THE plains. THEir resistance to erosion has caused THEm to be considered capable players in THE morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to THEir uniqueness in desert areas, THEse areas are of interest to tourists, and THE economic situation of THEse areas can be improved by attracting tourists. THE prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to THEir studies, THE most important of which are THE studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although THE conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of IRAN, and THEse landforms have given a particular face to THE morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on THEm so far. This research attempts to investigate THE role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in THE norTHEast of IRAN and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study THE inselbergs of this plain. THE entire region was surveyed in 2 years in THE field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. THEn, THE location and extent of THEir expansion were determined. In THE morphometry that was done as a survey, THE minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and THEir distance from each oTHEr were measured with GPS. THE study of THE concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with THE library method. THE maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in THE studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of THEm are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in oTHEr rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in THE same formation have THE same shape. Although THE dominant lithology of THE Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to THE different resistance of its formations, THE height, shape, and slope of THE inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of THE region. THE difference in THEse characteristics has caused THE different shapes of THE land in this plain. According to THE studies of THE most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to THE resistance against THE erosion of THE complete inselbergs.After this formation, THE Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in THE region have formed in it. THE third formation in terms of resistance is THE Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of THE area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to THE different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have THE same morphology. THE inselbergs formed in this formation are in THE middle part of THE high area, low in THE souTHErn part, incomplete in THE western part, and incomplete mushrooms in THE path of THE Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are THE most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to THE Jurassic period, has formed a large part of THE norTHEastern inselbergs. THE alternation of limestone and marl in THE Delichai formations in THE middle part of THE region provides THE basis for THE formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in THE future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in THE norTHEast of IRAN, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central IRAN. Inselbergs form part of THE morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and THEir detailed study showed that THEir primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in THE Devonian to Miocene period with THE formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when THE tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to THE lithology and erosion of THE inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, THE well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. THE souTHErn inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, THE middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to THE distance from higher erosion, and THE western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to THE superiority of blue erosion. AnoTHEr formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is THE second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. THE Shemshak formation is placed after THE Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused THE formation of chain inselbergs in THE norTHEast of THE region. THE most typical inselbergs of THE region are observed in THE thick layered limestones of THE formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of THE world and even in sedimentary formations. However, THE inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionTHE authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approTHE contenttent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestTHE authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

Changing THE ownership of THE firms from governmental to oTHEr forms, along with THE emphasis on cooperative ownership and increasing THE share of this sector to 25% in IRAN's economy, is one of THE main aims of THE comprehensive policies of Principle 44 of THE Constitution of Islamic Republic of IRAN. THErefore if such a change is supposedly true, to prove THE preference of THE change to cooperative sector as a sector through which THE Islamic economics could be spread in THE society, it should be shown that THE firms operating under this kind of ownership had a better or at least equivalent performance as compared to THE private or government sectors.And if no noticeable distinction in THE performance of THE economic firms is observed from this aspect, THE emphasis on THE ownership change, at least from an economic view would not be supportable.This paper strives to examine THE distinctions in performance of THE Manufacturing industries of THE cooperative sector with THE two government and Private sectors. Using plant-level data, labor productivity, and value added per unit of paid wages and salaries, employment generated, and finally THE speedy growth of THE employees of THE manufacturing units during THE Second and Third Development Plans towards segregation of ownership, are THE analytical basis of This study. THE results of this study show that changing to cooperative sin place of Privatization is only possible through [handsome] productivity in THE cooperative sector in comparison with THE private sector, and consequently through THE achievement of a level of profits equal to that of THE private sector.

Analyzing administrative documents holds significant importance within THE realms of archaeology and sociology, akin to THE study of oTHEr archaeological evidence. THEse examinations play a pivotal role in reconstructing various systems, encompassing management, social dynamics, economic structures, and political frameworks. Delving into administrative management within prehistoric societies unveils THE intricate social intricacies and THE supervision exercised by a designated leader or head over a subordinate group, representing an internal control mechanism. Notably, seals, impressions on seals, and diverse accounting artifacts serve as pivotal administrative documents. However, THE exploration and investigation of such cultural data in northwestern IRAN remain relatively scarce. THErefore, THE current study endeavors to present, evaluate, and scrutinize THE administrative records of Chalcolithic societies in northwestern IRAN, employing a descriptive-analytical approach. Numerous inquiries persist without resolution regarding THE administrative records and evidence pertaining to THE later prehistory of northwest IRAN. Ambiguity surrounds THE quantification of Chalcolithic administrative documents within this region. FurTHErmore, THE methodology for analyzing and evaluating THE ownership and managerial evidence from THE later prehistoric era in this area remains unclear. Addressing THEse uncertainties can establish a definitive framework and a solid foundation for investigating THEse matters in northwest IRAN. Leveraging administrative data obtained from various sites including Tepe Chay Khoy, Chakhmaqluq, Tepe Kulyeri (Tepe Caravanserai), Sohachay Tepe, and oTHErs, THE authors conduct an assessment of managerial evidence in THE northwestern region of IRAN. FurTHErmore, utilizing extant cultural artifacts and drawing upon THE outcomes of prior studies facilitates an exploration into phenomena such as long-distance trade, economic endeavors, social intricacies, and cultural exchanges with neighboring areas

Abstract: This study sought to answer THE question of what are THE causes of marital infidelity in THE IRANian family. To Answer THE Research Question, Qualitative Meta-SynTHEsis (QMS) Method Were Used. THEn, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in IRAN were identified and were Analyzed. THE results showed that THE factors of infidelity in IRAN can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of THE main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. THE Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and THEir “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “THE level of Religious Education” of people. THE Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “THE Kind of Family Background of people”. THE Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “THE Feeling of Loneliness”, “THE Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of THE Spouse” and “THE Role of THE Third Person in THE Relationship”. THE Economic factors are including “THE Economic Status of THE person”, “THE Role of Economic Problems”, “THE motivation of entering into infidelity under THE Pretext of Job promotion”. THE media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening IRANian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, THE Contextual Factors were including THE Role of “Age” and “Gender” in THE Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in THE group of men and youth in IRAN, more than oTHEr Social Groups.

Objective: In many countries, THE advancements in information technologies and THE decentralized computing method has inspired hope to take advantage of modern information technologies, such as artificial intelligence, in order to overcome THE unique challenges in global health including THE coronavirus crisis. THE following study tries to examine THE possible future scenarios in THE industry, with THE aim of discovering new opportunities to increase health and quality of life.Findings: Considering THE research literature, seventeen drivers, which had affected THE research in three dimensions, were identified and THE Delphi method was used for THE accuracy of confirmation, THEir rankings and for THE calculation of THEir certainty. THE relationships between THE drivers and THE identified dimensions were measured and confirmed in THE form of hypoTHEses and model presentations by structural equation methods. Using THE cross-matrix method, five drivers were identified as risk and goal. Finally, through THE identification of uncertainty and risk and goal drivers, four scenarios were developed.Conclusion: Conclusion: THE treatment structure and medical equipment influenced by COVID-19 pandemic conditions and due to THE growth rate, optimal and intelligent application of modern digital technologies creates a wide-ranging evolution in this field and illustrates THE possibility of achieving a desired future by taking advantage of THE scenario of THE formation of an interconnected global society and THE realization of global health in THE interaction of artificial intelligence drivers, novel production demands, sanctions, internet of things (IoT) and blockchain.